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CHAVANON Antoine
Les garanties du contribuable face aux mesures fiscales anti-abus de droit interne : entre équilibre et stratification
Thèse en Droit, soutenue le 2 décembre 2022
Mots clés : de droit, Procédure fiscale, Garanties du contribuable, Clause anti-abus, Rescrit, Contr?le fiscal, Fraude fiscale, Principes fondamentaux, Droits de la défense, Contradictoire, Sanction, Acte anormal de gestion, Motif principalement fiscal, Règle d’assiette, Pouvoir de requalification, Théorie de l’apparence, , Article L. 64 du Livre des procédures fiscales,
At the crossroads of tax law, constitutional law and criminal and tax procedures, the study of taxpayer’s guarantees leads to the resurgence of an ancestral problem, the confrontation between private and public interests. Irremediable in a rule of law, the power relationship tends to be appeased by the search for a balance. Many actors are driven by this quest. The Administration, the judge, the legislator, or the arbitration bodies try to reconcile the different interests. By their aura, the fundamental principles guide the reasoning and attempt to stem any abusive granting of undue privileges. Their translation into the positive law justifies the creation of concrete guarantees. Cross-cutting, they accompany the individual throughout the tax process. The protections are therefore highly polymorphic, ranging, for example, from an option to call on third-party assistance to the respect, by the tax services, of a minimum observation period. Some, such as the rulings or the inspections on request, are optional and require positive action from the taxpayer. Others relegate him to the background as an indirect beneficiary of an obligation imposed to the authorities. Extending this philosophy, the punctual and qualitative transmissions of information through, among other things, a notice of a tax inspection or a reassessment proposal exemplify a constraint specific to the tax services. Generally speaking, the safeguards are intended to compensate for the inevitably superior powers of the state organ. In that sense, the anti-abuse tax measures aim as much to fight against tax evasion as to curb the repressive prerogatives belonging to the authorities. Proof of the ambient compromises, the sanction must respect the core rights of the individual. To compensate for the infinite evolution of the fraudulent form, the general provisions combine with the topical ones to form a net capable of apprehending any present and future breach. To illustrate the point, the article L. 64 of the French Tax Procedure Code, now accompanied by the “minor” tax law abuse, embrace, with some exceptions, almost all deleterious situations. Their transversality is itself tempered by the existence of specific anti-abuse clauses like the articles 205 A, 979, 210-0 A of the French General Tax Code. The proliferation of mechanisms boosts the problems relating to their articulation. The adage “specialia generalibus derogant” attempts to standardize the procedural structure and, thereby, to achieve an overall consistency. However, the accumulation of texts leads to an unenviable normative stratification for both taxpayers and professionals. As a well-worn subject, the respect for legal certainty, and more broadly for fundamental rights, generate many contentious decisions. Moreover, a past balance in no way prejudges its future satisfaction. The border between the rights of the taxpayer and the administrative prerogatives fluctuates according to the reforms. The recent creation of an article L. 64 A within the French Tax Procedure Code reflects the trend.
Keywords : law abuse, procedure, payer’s safeguards, ,Anti-abuse clause, Ruling, inspection, evasion, Core principles, Rights of the defence, Contradictory, Sanction, Irregular management action, Objective mainly tax-oriented, Appearance theory, Abuse, Article L. 64 of the French Procedure CodeDirecteur de thèse : Jean-Luc PIERRE
Membres du jury :
-M. PIERRE Jean-Luc, Directeur de thèse, Professeur des universités, Université Jean Moulin Lyon 3,
-M. DE LA MARDIERE Christophe, Rapporteur, Professeur des universités, CNAM, Paris,
-M. LAMBERT Thierry, Rapporteur, Professeur des universités, Université Aix-Marseille,
-Mme CHATAIN Lise, Maitre de conférences HDR, Université de Montpellier,
-Mme DEBOISSY Florence, Professeure des universités, Université de Bordeaux.
Présidente du jury : Lise CHATAIN