BARRAGAN HIDALGO Carlos Gustavo

¦°¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á est un mot issu de la cit¨¦ d¨¦mocratique ath¨¦nienne au Ve si¨¨cle. Son usage est courant dans le monde gr¨¦co-romain jusqu¡¯au Ve si¨¨cle apr¨¨s J.-C. Ce recours ¨¤ la ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á n¡¯est gu¨¨re n¨¦gligeable, d¡¯autant plus que, outre cette vaste ¨¦tendue temporelle, il s¡¯agit d¡¯un terme aux multiples significations.
La ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á peut ¨ºtre restitu¨¦e par ? libert¨¦ de parole ?, ? franchise ?, ? franc-parler ?, ? confiance ?, ? familiarit¨¦ ?. Mais elle peut ¨¦galement, par son ¨¦tymologie (? tout-dire ?), par le milieu o¨´ elle ¨¦clot, ou bien par un concours de circonstances, ¨ºtre porteuse de connotations n¨¦gatives : blasph¨¨me, injure, impudence, indiscr¨¦tion, bavardage. Face ¨¤ un champ d¡¯¨¦tude aussi ¨¦tendu que complexe, nous avons pris le parti de nous concentrer sur l¡¯Ath¨¨nes classique, c¡¯est-¨¤-dire au Ve et IVe si¨¨cles.
D¡¯abord, nous avons pris soin de faire une recompilation des travaux modernes, afin de conna?tre l¡¯¨¦tat de l¡¯art sur le sujet ; ensuite, nous avons abord¨¦ une histoire de la ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á, afin de couvrir les si¨¨cles pendant lesquels le mot a ¨¦t¨¦ usit¨¦ ; enfin, nous avons mis en lumi¨¨re des sc¨¨nes inhabituelles et peu ¨¦tudi¨¦es de la ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á dans l¡¯Ath¨¨nes classique.
Qu¡¯est-ce que la ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á ? En posant cette question, nous voudrions sortir de la pens¨¦e commune, notamment celle cultiv¨¦e en France, issue des analyses de M. Foucault de consid¨¦rer la ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á comme ? le courage de dire la v¨¦rit¨¦ ?. Il ne s¡¯agit pas tant d¡¯affirmer ou d¡¯infirmer ce que le philosophe fran?ais a pu d¨¦couvrir, mais plut?t de reposer la question d¡¯un point de vue historique et philosophique pour observer si la ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á peut vouloir dire autre chose lorsqu¡¯on lit les auteurs anciens.

Mots-cl¨¦s : ¦°¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á (tout-dire, libert¨¦ de parole, franchise, franc-parler, confiance ; ouverture de c?ur, technique conjecturale, dire la v¨¦rit¨¦) ; exc¨¨s de parole (langue d¨¦brid¨¦e, bouche sans porte). Sinc¨¦rit¨¦. Pri¨¨re. Privation de droits. Infamie. Prostitution. D¨¦mocratie. Libert¨¦. Com¨¦die. Rire. Vin. Ivresse. Outrage. Vertu, excellence. V¨¦rit¨¦.

¦°¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á is a word from the democratic city of Athens in the fifth century. Its use was common in the Greco-Roman world until at least the 5th century. This recourse to ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á for nearly ten centuries is hardly negligible, especially since, apart from this vast temporal expanse, it is a term with multiple meanings.
¦°¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á can be translated by "free speech", "candor", "to-speak-frankly", "confidence", "familiarity". ¦°¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á, by its etymology ("to-tell-everything"), by the environment in which it emerges, or simply by a combination of circumstances, can also carry negative connotations: it can be linked to blasphemy, insult, impudence, indiscretion, or gossip. Faced with a field of study as wide as it is complex, we decided to focus on classical Athens, in the 5th and 4th centuries.
First, we took care to recompile modern works, in order to know the state of the art on the subject; then, we approached a history of ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á, in order to cover the centuries during which the word was used; and, finally, we analyzed some unusual or rarely studied scenes on ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á in classical Athens.
What is ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á? By asking this question, we would like to get out of common thought, in particular that cultivated in France, resulting from the analyzes of M. Foucault, to consider ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á as "the courage of the truth". It is not so much to affirm or deny what the French philosopher was able to discover, as to ask the question again whether ¦Ð¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á can mean something else when reading the ancient authors.

Keywords : ¦°¦Á¦Ñ¦Ñ¦Ç¦Ò?¦Á (to-tell-everything, free speech, frankness, candor, reliance; heart opening, conjectural technique, truth telling); excess of speech (unbridled tongue, mouth without doors). Sincerity. Pray. Disenfranchisement. Dishonour. Prostitution. Democracy. Freedom. Comedy. Laughter. Wine. Drunkenness. Outrage. Virtue, excellence. Truth.

Directeur de th¨¨se : Jean-Fran?ois PRADEAU

Membres du jury :

Pr¨¦sident du jury : Arnaud MACE